Understanding Abnormal Smear Tests: What You Need to Know
Receiving a letter that your cervical smear test (Pap smear) was abnormal can be worrying—but it’s important to understand what this means and how it can be managed safely and effectively.
What Does an Abnormal Smear Mean?
A cervical smear test checks the cells from the cervix for any changes that might lead to cervical cancer in the future. An abnormal smear does not mean you have cancer—in most cases, it simply means that some cells are not behaving normally and need further monitoring or treatment.
What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus that affects most sexually active people at some point. There are many types of HPV, but only a few high-risk types are linked to cervical cell changes and cervical cancer.
Your smear test result may mention “HPV positive with abnormal cells”, which means that the virus may be influencing cell changes and you may need further tests like colposcopy.
What Is CIN and How Does It Affect the Cervix?
Cell changes in the cervix are often referred to as Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). This is graded as:
- CIN 1: Mild changes (often resolves on its own)
- CIN 2 and CIN 3: Moderate to severe changes (may need treatment)
CIN is not cancer, but if left untreated, some types may progress over years to become cervical cancer.
The Role of HPV Vaccination
The HPV vaccine is a powerful tool in preventing cervical cancer. It protects against the most common high-risk HPV strains (types 16 and 18) responsible for over 70% of cervical cancers. Vaccination is most effective when given before sexual activity begins, but it can still benefit older individuals by reducing the risk of future infections.
At Ovara Health, we actively promote HPV vaccination for teenagers, young adults, and at-risk groups.
Why Are Regular Smear Tests Important?
Even with vaccination, regular cervical screening (smear tests) remains vital. In the UK, women aged 25 to 64 are invited every 3 to 5 years—but those with previous abnormal results or HPV positivity may need annual testing.
Smear tests allow early detection of cell changes before they become serious, offering a window for early and effective intervention.
What Is a Colposcopy and When Is It Needed?
A colposcopy is a simple outpatient procedure where a specialist uses a microscope (colposcope) to examine the cervix more closely. It is recommended if your smear test shows abnormal cells or persistent HPV.
Sometimes during colposcopy, a small biopsy is taken for laboratory analysis to determine the exact grade of cell changes.
Loop Treatment (LLETZ)
If abnormal cells are found and need removing, a loop excision (LLETZ) may be performed. This is a quick, minor procedure under local anaesthetic to remove the abnormal area and prevent progression to cancer. Recovery is usually quick, and follow-up is arranged to ensure healing and HPV clearance.
Ovara Health: Leading in Women’s Cervical Health
At Ovara Health, we provide comprehensive care for women with abnormal smears, HPV, and cervical cell changes. From expert smear testing and on-site colposcopy to loop treatment and follow-up care, our compassionate team ensures you feel informed and supported every step of the way.
We believe early detection saves lives—and our mission is to empower women with knowledge, access, and world-class care.
