What Are Causes of Ovarian Cysts?
Ovarian cysts form when fluid or tissue collects on or within the ovary.They can develop for several reasons, from natural ovarian activity to specific medical conditions.Understanding what are causes of ovarian cysts helps women know why they appear and when they may require assessment.
Ovarian cysts are common and may occur at any point during reproductive life. Some develop as part of normal ovulation, while others result from hormonal changes, inflammation or underlying gynaecological conditions. Although many cysts resolve naturally, recognising their causes helps guide diagnosis and management. A pelvic ultrasound scan is the primary investigation for identifying the type of cyst and the reason for its development.
Functional Cysts Related to Ovulation
The most frequent cause of ovarian cysts is normal ovulation. Each cycle, a follicle grows to release an egg. If this follicle enlarges further than expected or does not rupture, it may form a functional cyst. These cysts are usually harmless and settle on their own. They are particularly common in women who have regular menstrual cycles.
Hormonal Causes of Ovarian Cysts
Hormonal fluctuations can cause cyst formation when the ovary responds strongly to stimulation. Temporary hormone shifts, irregular cycles and certain medications may contribute to this process. These cysts often overlap with functional cysts and typically resolve as hormone levels stabilise.
Cysts Caused by Endometriosis
Endometriomas form when endometrial tissue attaches to the ovary and gradually fills with thick fluid. These cysts may cause pelvic pain, particularly around menstruation. They often require tailored management to prevent recurrence and are linked to endometriosis more broadly.
Dermoid Cysts
Dermoid cysts arise from early embryonic cells and may contain fat, hair or tissue. Although benign, they can grow over time and occasionally cause twisting of the ovary. They typically require monitoring and may need removal if they become large or symptomatic.
Cystadenomas
Cystadenomas develop from the surface layer of the ovary and contain clear or mucous material. They can enlarge significantly and cause pressure in the pelvis. While benign, they may need treatment if they cause discomfort or compress nearby structures.
PCOS-Related Cysts
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome may develop multiple small cysts due to hormonal imbalance. These are not harmful individually but contribute to the overall pattern of PCOS. The condition may cause irregular periods, hormonal symptoms and difficulties with ovulation.
Inflammatory or Post-Bleeding Cysts
Sometimes a cyst develops when a small pocket of fluid or blood becomes trapped in the ovary following minor internal bleeding. These cysts often cause temporary discomfort and usually settle as the ovary heals naturally.
What Causes Ovarian Cysts in Young Females
Younger women experience cysts more frequently because their ovaries are hormonally active and produce more follicles. This increased activity explains what causes ovarian cysts in young females, as a follicle may enlarge or fail to rupture during ovulation. These cysts are usually simple and resolve without intervention.
What Causes Ovarian Cysts to Burst
Some cysts rupture when fluid inside them increases pressure or when the ovary is exposed to exertion or movement. This outlines what causes ovarian cysts to burst, including sudden size changes, physical activity, intimate activity or natural thinning of the cyst wall. A burst cyst may cause sharp pelvic pain that settles as the fluid is reabsorbed. Severe or persistent symptoms require urgent assessment.
Pain of Ovarian Cysts
The pain of ovarian cysts varies widely. Some cysts cause no discomfort, while others create pressure, bloating or cramping in the pelvis. Pain may be triggered by ovulation, bowel movement or physical activity. Severe or sudden pain can occur if a cyst ruptures or twists, and this requires immediate evaluation
How Ovarian Cysts Are Assessed
A pelvic ultrasound scan is the main investigation used to assess ovarian cysts. It provides information on the
cyst’s size, structure and contents. The scan helps determine whether the cyst is functional, endometriotic, dermoid, cystadenomatous or related to PCOS. A transvaginal ultrasound often gives the clearest detail.
Management and Recovery
Many ovarian cysts resolve without treatment and are monitored with follow-up scans. When intervention is needed, options may include hormonal support, pain management or specific treatment for underlying conditions such as endometriosis or PCOS. Sudden severe pelvic pain, symptoms of rupture or signs suggesting ovarian torsion require urgent medical review.
Ovara Health offers specialist evaluation, advanced ultrasound imaging and personalised management for ovarian cysts. Women experiencing pain, recurrent cysts or uncertainty about their symptoms can book a consultation for expert assessment and tailored care.