Medically reviewed by Mr Amer Raza, MBBS MRCOG, Consultant Gynaecologist, Ovara Health. GMC No. 5205372. Last reviewed June 2026.

Key Facts
An abnormal smear test means cell changes were found on the cervix during screening. Most abnormal results are caused by HPV and do not indicate cancer. Around 1 in 20 smear tests in the UK come back abnormal. Early detection through cervical screening is highly effective at preventing cervical cancer from developing.

If you have received an abnormal smear test result, the first thing to understand is that it does not mean you have cancer. Cervical screening is designed to detect early cell changes that can be monitored or treated long before they develop into anything serious. An abnormal result is common, often temporary, and in most cases linked to HPV, a virus the immune system naturally clears over time.

The question I am asked most often by patients at this point is whether this could mean cancer. In the vast majority of cases, the answer is no. Most abnormal results reflect minor changes that either resolve on their own or require straightforward monitoring.

What Does an Abnormal Smear Test Mean?

A smear test, also known as cervical screening, takes a small sample of cells from the cervix. An abnormal result means the cells look different from what would typically be expected. This does not mean you have cancer. It means changes have been detected that need further assessment or monitoring. Most abnormal results fall into one of five categories, from minor borderline changes through to more significant high-grade abnormalities. More significant changes are referred for a colposcopy.

What Is the Link Between an Abnormal Smear and HPV?

The majority of abnormal smear results are linked to HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is extremely common. Most of the time the immune system clears it naturally within one to two years. When HPV persists, it can cause cell changes in the cervix — and those changes are what the smear test detects. For more on how HPV is managed, see our dedicated guide.

What Are the Different Categories of Abnormal Smear Results?

UK cervical screening results are classified into five categories. Understanding your category clarifies what happens next.

Result	What it means	Typical next step
Borderline changes	Minor cell changes, often temporary	Repeat smear in 12 months
Low-grade dyskaryosis (CIN 1)	Mild abnormality, often clears naturally	Colposcopy referral
High-grade dyskaryosis (CIN 2/3)	Moderate to severe changes	Colposcopy and possible cell removal
Glandular cell abnormality	Changes in glandular cells	Urgent colposcopy
Inadequate sample	Not enough cells to assess	Repeat smear within 3 months

cervical cell abnormalities CIN grades diagram — Cervical cell abnormality grades — from borderline changes to high-grade CIN

Emergency
Call 999 or go to A&E if you experience sudden severe pelvic pain, heavy unexplained bleeding, or feel faint alongside any gynaecological symptoms. Do not wait for a routine appointment.

When to Contact Us
Received an abnormal result? If you are experiencing unusual bleeding, pelvic pain, or discharge, do not wait for your next NHS appointment. Call Ovara Health on 0207 751 4488 or book online for a prompt private assessment. No GP referral needed.

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What Causes Abnormal Cells on a Smear Test?

The most common cause of abnormal cervical cells is HPV infection. Other factors include persistent inflammation, hormonal changes, pregnancy, or recent infections. A common misconception is that an abnormal smear is caused by something you have done wrong. It is not.

What Happens After an Abnormal Smear Test?

What happens next depends on the category of your result. Most women with borderline or low-grade changes will be asked to return for a repeat smear in 12 months. For moderate or high-grade changes, you will be referred for a colposcopy. Privately, this appointment can typically be arranged within days of your result.

How Is an Abnormal Smear Test Treated?

Not all abnormal smear results require treatment. Borderline changes and CIN 1 are usually monitored rather than treated immediately. CIN 2 and CIN 3 typically require LLETZ (large loop excision of the transformation zone) — a quick outpatient procedure under local anaesthetic, usually around 15 minutes, with most patients back to normal within a few days.

Can an Abnormal Smear Result Go Back to Normal?

Yes. Many abnormal results, particularly borderline changes and CIN 1, return to normal without any treatment. The immune system is often able to clear the HPV infection that caused the changes. The key is appropriate follow-up — do not ignore an abnormal result or assume it will definitely resolve on its own.

How Often Should You Have a Smear Test After an Abnormal Result?

Most women with borderline or low-grade changes are recalled for a repeat smear after 12 months. After LLETZ treatment, follow-up smears are typically arranged at 6 months, then annually before returning to routine 3-yearly screening. Your specialist will advise on your specific schedule.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does an abnormal smear test mean?

It means cell changes were detected on the cervix during routine screening. This does not mean you have cancer. Most abnormal results are linked to HPV and resolve without treatment.

Does an abnormal smear test mean I have cancer?

No. Smear tests do not diagnose cancer. They detect early cell changes. The majority of abnormal results never progress to cancer with appropriate monitoring and follow-up.

How common are abnormal smear results in the UK?

Around 1 in 20 smear tests in the UK come back abnormal. It is a very common finding. In most cases it resolves naturally.

What is the difference between borderline changes and CIN?

Borderline changes are the mildest abnormality and often return to normal on their own. CIN refers to more significant cell changes, graded 1, 2 or 3. CIN 1 is mild and usually monitored. CIN 2 and CIN 3 typically require treatment.

What happens after an abnormal smear test?

Depending on the result you will either be asked to repeat the smear in 12 months or referred for a colposcopy. Your next steps are specific to your category of result.

What is a colposcopy and does it hurt?

A colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a magnifying instrument. It is not usually painful, though some women feel mild discomfort. A biopsy may be taken at the same time. Find out more about what to expect at a colposcopy.

Can an abnormal smear result go back to normal?

Yes. Many abnormal results, particularly borderline and low-grade changes, return to normal without any treatment as the immune system clears the HPV infection.

What causes abnormal cervical cells?

The most common cause is HPV infection. Other factors include inflammation, hormonal changes, pregnancy and recent infections, most of which are temporary.

Should I be worried if I have HPV and an abnormal smear?

HPV is extremely common and most people’s immune systems clear it within one to two years. Having HPV alongside an abnormal smear does not mean you have cancer.

How quickly will I be referred after an abnormal result?

NHS referral times vary. Privately at Ovara Health, a colposcopy appointment can typically be arranged within days of receiving your abnormal result.

Can I be seen privately for follow-up after an abnormal smear?

Yes. Ovara Health offers private colposcopy, biopsy and cervical treatment at our Chelsea clinic. No GP referral is needed. Call 0207 751 4488 or book online.

How is CIN treated if it does not resolve on its own?

CIN 2 and CIN 3 are usually treated with LLETZ, a quick outpatient procedure under local anaesthetic to remove the affected cells. Most patients are back to normal activity within a few days.

Sources

NHS: Cervical Screening
NICE: Cervical Cancer (NG12)
RCOG: Colposcopy Patient Information Leaflet

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. If you have concerns about your cervical screening results, please consult a qualified medical professional.

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